Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights - 1814 Words

Title: Wuthering Heights Author: Emily Brontà « Date of Publication: 1847 Genre: Gothic Romance / Fiction Biographical information about the author Emily Jane Brontà « (born 30 July, 1818 | Died December, 19, 1848) was born in Thorton. She was one of six Bronte children; she kept to herself usually and was unusually quiet. In 1835 she briefly attend Miss Wooler’s school at Roe Head. Around 1837 Emily taught at Law Hill School. In 1842 she and Charlotte studied in Brussels. Historical information about period of publication â€Å"February 22, 1847: U.S. troops commanded by General Zachary Taylor defeated a Mexican Army at the Battle of Buena Vista in the Mexican War.† â€Å"March 29, 1847: U.S. troops commanded by General Winfield Scott captured†¦show more content†¦The story is about a man named Heathcliff; it follows his life all the way to his death. Brontà « talks about his life in his adopted family where he flourished in it, then he end up going down the social class as he ends up as a servant. He decides to run away after overhearing the love of his life saying that she with never marry him and that she will marry another guy. Then he comes back in the later years, wealthy and educated, to start plotting revenge on the two families that he believed ruined his life. Describe the author’s style (tone, diction, narrative voice, sentence, paragraph, chapter structure) Brontà « has a dramatic tone as well as a lyrical style on every page throughout the novel. She writes all words with expression over nature. Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s style changes from each point of view (Nelly and Lockwood). Examples that demonstrate style â€Å"I lingered round them, under the benign sky; watched the moths fluttering among the heath and hare-bells; listened to the soft wind breathing through the grass; and wondered how anyone could ever imagine unquiet slumbers, for the sleepers in that quiet earth (412).† â€Å"It was a

Night Creature Hunter’s Moon Chapter 3 Free Essays

string(143) " over hill and dale – the information is forwarded to Edward and he sends a Juger-Sucher to determine what needs to be done, then do it\." I winced and glanced around the clearing. † Shh,† I snapped. Her eyebrows lifted. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Who do you think’s going to hear me? The raccoons?† â€Å"There was a man – † I frowned. â€Å"Didn’t you see him?† â€Å"No. You were talking to yourself when I got here.† â€Å"I was not. There was a man.† I waved my hand. â€Å"He was wearing pants.† â€Å"Always a good choice.† â€Å"But nothing else.† â€Å"Even better. The last time I met a naked man in the forest it was the start of something big.† â€Å"He wasn’t naked. Completely.† The woman shrugged. â€Å"Too bad. Where’d he go?† â€Å"I don’t know.† â€Å"You’re sure there was a man?† Was I? Yes. Definitely. I hadn’t lost my mind since†¦ I’d found it the last time. â€Å"He said his name was Damien Fitzgerald. Don’t you know him?† â€Å"Can’t say that I do. But then Mandenauer and I just got here last week. From what you’re telling me, he sounds like a prime candidate for the fanged and furry club.† Finally I heard what she’d said, what she’d been saying. She knew about the Juger-Suchers, the werewolves, Edward. The guy I was supposed to train had just turned into a girl. â€Å"You’re†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Jessie McQuade. And you must be Leigh, my trainer.† I scowled. We’d see about that. I could think of few things I’d like to do less than teach this spectacularly competent woman all my tricks. â€Å"You are Leigh,† she said. I grunted. She took that as a yes. â€Å"Mandenauer is waiting at my place. Follow me.† Without so much as a by-your-leave, she kicked apart the remnants of the fire and stomped on the cinders. Then she marched back in the direction I’d come. My gaze scanned the clearing, but there was no sign of the half-naked man. I even hurried to the place I’d last seen him and crouched in the leaves to examine the ground for a footprint. But the earth was hard and he’d been wearing†¦ hardly anything. A wolf howled near enough to make me jump, far enough away so that I followed Jessie at a walk instead of a run. I wasn’t going to let her, or them, know just how spooked I was. Had there been a man named Damien? Probably. Was he merely a man? Or had he been more? I might never know that for sure. Jessie’s place was an apartment located in a small complex adjacent to the sheriff’s office. I parked beside the squad car and followed her up the flight of stairs to the second floor. â€Å"Are you really a cop?† I asked. â€Å"Or is this just pretend?† â€Å"I’m a cop.† She didn’t elaborate and irritation flared again. Jessie got to do her chosen job while she saved the world. I got to pretend I was a warden and earn the scorn of every community. But I couldn’t exactly be a werewolf hunter and a kindergarten teacher. The very thought was ludicrous. The door sprang open before she could touch it, and a tall, emaciated silhouette spread across the hall floor. â€Å"Edward,† I murmured. Jessie cast me a quick, surprised glance, and I realized I’d said his name aloud in a delighted voice that didn’t belong to me. I couldn’t afford attachments, not even to him, so I straightened my shoulders, cleared my throat, and stuck out my hand. â€Å"Good to see you, sir.† â€Å"Jeez, why don’t you click your heels and salute,† Jessie muttered, pushing past him. Edward Mandenauer was as unlikely a leader of an elite monster-hunting unit as could be imagined. Cadaverous thin, he owned every one of his eighty-plus years. But he could still pull the trigger, and he’d killed more monsters than anyone, even me. I admired him. More than I would ever say. â€Å"Why did you not come directly to me, Leigh?† Edward stepped back so I could enter the apartment. â€Å"I’m here.† â€Å"You took a detour.† â€Å"How did you know?† I scowled. â€Å"How did she find me?† â€Å"Your car was abandoned in town. Jessie ran the license plate, then tracked you into the woods.† My interest was piqued. Tracking had never been my strong suit. I wasn’t patient enough. Jessie had to be very good to have found me as quickly as she had in the thickness of a forest that must be as strange to her as it was to me. â€Å"From the look of the bonfire,† Jessie tattled, â€Å"she’s already started blasting away.† â€Å"That’s my job,† I snapped. â€Å"This is my town.† â€Å"Girls, girls,† Mandenauer admonished. â€Å"Don’t call me a girl,† Jessie and I said at the same time. We glanced at each other, scowled, and turned away. Mandenauer sighed. â€Å"You need to work together. There is something odd happening in Crow Valley.† That got my attention. â€Å"Odder than werewolves?† â€Å"To be sure. Did you make note of the name of this fair city?† Crow Valley. I hadn’t thought about it. Stupid me. For reasons unknown to science, wolves allow crows to scavenge from their kills. Some naturalists believe that the birds fly ahead, locate suitable prey, then circle back and lead the wolves to it. In gratitude, or perhaps as payment for services rendered, the wolves don’t chase the crows off the corpses. Whether this is true or not is anyone’s guess. But the fact remains, where there are a lot of one, there are a lot of the other. Wolves feel at home around crows. Werewolves appear to as well. â€Å"The wolves in this area have always been abundant, but they increased in number recently.† â€Å"And you know this how?† He just gave me one of his stares. Edward knew everything. â€Å"When the sheriff in this town left – â€Å" â€Å"Left or was eaten?† â€Å"Not eaten. Not this time. The odd occurrences with the wolves disturbed him. He called the authorities with his tall tales, and I was notified. I convinced him to take a leave of absence, then gave Jessie his job.† You think there are a lot of conspiracies in the government? You don’t even know about the ones Edward is involved with. Any odd report – unexplained events, wolves run amok, monstrosities wandering over hill and dale – the information is forwarded to Edward and he sends a Juger-Sucher to determine what needs to be done, then do it. You read "Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 3" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"What about Jessie’s other job?† I asked. â€Å"We had accomplished all we could in Miniwa. The wolves ran from there. We waited, but they did not return.† â€Å"What’s going on here?† He glanced at Jessie. â€Å"Tell her what we know.† Jessie hesitated, but in the end she shrugged and flopped onto the couch, gesturing me into a chair nearby. The apartment was sparsely but adequately furnished, as if she’d only brought the essentials. No pictures on the walls, no knickknacks on the tables, though Jessie hardly seemed the knickknack type. Instead, every spare surface was covered with books, papers, notebooks. She didn’t seem the studious type, either, but then what did I know? â€Å"Werewolves are being killed in Crow Valley,† she began. â€Å"Good for you.† You may wonder how we know the difference between a dead wolf and a dead werewolf. I’ll let you in on a little secret. If you shoot them with silver, they explode. Live or dead, doesn’t matter. I kind of like putting a bullet into the dead ones. Call me sick. Everyone else does. â€Å"They were being killed before we got here,† Jessie continued. â€Å"From what I can tell, it started a little over three weeks ago.† I sat up straighter in my chair. A little over three weeks ago would have been the last full moon. That couldn’t be good. I glanced at Edward. â€Å"You’ve got no one working in Crow Valley?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Rogue agent?† â€Å"Doubtful.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Because the werewolves are not being killed with silver.† â€Å"Then how can they be dead?† â€Å"There is only one other way to kill a werewolf,† Edward said. â€Å"How come I never heard of it?† â€Å"Because it rarely happens.† â€Å"And why is that?† â€Å"The only other way to kill a werewolf, besides the silver, is for a werewolf to kill one of its own.† â€Å"They never kill their own kind. It’s against the werewolf rules of conduct.† â€Å"Apparently we have come across one who can’t read.† Humor again. What was wrong with the man? â€Å"Wolves and werewolves may appear the same,† Jessie said, â€Å"but they’re not.† â€Å"No shit,† I muttered. I was already sick of Miss Know-It-All-Come-Lately. She ignored me. Point for her. â€Å"Though it’s rare, wolves will kill another wolf, but werewolves won’t. They’ll fight, drive one another from their territory, but they won’t kill. I’d say it was a remnant of their humanity shining through, but we all know that most humans aren’t very humane.† How true. â€Å"So what’s going on?† I asked. â€Å"That’s what we’re trying to find out.† â€Å"Why?† She blinked. â€Å"I’m sorry.† â€Å"What difference does it make who kills them as long as they’re dead?† Jessie glanced at Edward and he took over. â€Å"It does not matter who kills them. What matters is that there is a werewolf out there behaving unlike a werewolf. I do not like it.† â€Å"Because†¦ ?† â€Å"The last time one of them behaved oddly, we met the wolf god.† â€Å"You think someone’s trying to raise another wolf god?† He shook his head. â€Å"A wolf god can only be brought forth under the blue moon. That time is past.† â€Å"Then what?† â€Å"I do not know. But I have a very bad feeling.† I’d been around Edward long enough to understand that when he had a very bad feeling, the shit was usually going to hit the fan real soon. â€Å"What’s the plan?† I asked. â€Å"You teach Jessie all that she needs to know.† â€Å"Why?† I demanded. â€Å"You’ve always taught the new guys.† â€Å"I am not as young as I used to be.† â€Å"Yeah, join the club.† His lips twitched, almost as if he might laugh. Wonders never ceased these days. â€Å"I have enlisted the help of an expert to search the pages of history. Perhaps we will find a mention of what they are up to this time before it is too late. Until then, I must go back to headquarters. Elise needs my help.† Elise was Dr. Hanover, head research scientist at the Jdger-Sucher Compound in Montana and Edward’s right hand. There was something else between them, too, though I’d never quite figured out what that something was. He was old enough to be her grandfather. â€Å"You’re not going to leave me alone with her!† I demanded. â€Å"There are at least four hundred people in this town. You will not be alone.† â€Å"You know what?† Jessie stood and put her hands on her hips. â€Å"I don’t need her help. I did Justine in Miniwa without any training at all.† â€Å"Yeah, I heard about that,† I sneered. â€Å"Thanks to you, the werewolf population has doubled in this area and there are fresh new recruits running all over Canada. I just spent the last three months thinning them out.† Jessie’s fingers clenched into fists, and she took one step toward me before the apartment door opened. I had only an instant to register that a man was running through the room; then he grabbed Jessie around the waist and lifted her off her feet. I started forward, but Mandenauer’s hand on my arm stopped me. Good thing, too, because the guy locked lips with Jessie and the two of them shared the deepest, hottest, wettest kiss I’d ever witnessed outside of a pornographic movie. I knew I should look away, but I couldn’t tear my eyes from the sight. In my line of work, I didn’t get a chance to see much affection. I didn’t get a chance to see anything but death, and that was the way I wanted it. So why was I watching Jessie and whoever with misty, longing eyes? Because I’d caught my first sight of a half-naked male in several years. My libido was acting up. My skin felt prickly, my stomach wobbly. I couldn’t get Damien Fitzgerald out of my head, and that just wasn’t like me. The man stared into Jessie’s face and very gently touched her cheek with his knuckle. She smiled and covered his hand with hers. It was as if Edward and I, maybe the whole world, didn’t exist. True love. Hell. â€Å"She’s going to get us killed,† I muttered. How to cite Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 3, Essay examples

On the Road with Huck Finn free essay sample

Both Jack Kerouac On the Road and Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn tell stories of the search for freedom and adventure while traveling. The mall characters of both books long for the experience of traveling the American countryside. Although the circumstances that lead Sal Paradise and Houck Finn on their Journeys are different, they have similar ideas of what awaits them on the unknown road ahead. However, as Sal and Houck both learn, dreams do not always correspond with reality. This lesson is learned throughout their time spent trying to reach and realize their dreams. Along their Journeys to reach their respective dreams, both characters spend time with minorities. Sal spends time living among Mexican laborers and explores the African American jazz scene, and Houck spends time with Jim, a runaway slave. The two hold very different views of Mexican and African American life and both grow from their experiences in different ways. Sal Paradises and Houck Fins dreams about the excitement of traveling America and their differing ideas of minority life are eventually confronted by the realities of traveling and the lives of minorities.On the Road focuses primarily on the exciting art of Gals life his life on the road. Gals life at home in New York Is portrayed as much less Interesting than his time spent traveling across the country. Critics speculate that Kerouac and the beat generation believed that living at home, being cared for by ones aunt, working on a novel, even achieving commercial success is not exciting. .. (French par 15). Gals New York life is barely mentioned and only shows his boredom and longing to escape. In the beginning of the novel, Sal states that prior to meeting Dean he lived with the feeling that everything was dead (Kerouac 1).Sal ad dreamed of going west to see America but none of his plans came to fruition until Dean. Dean is described as a youth tremendously excited with Life. .. He wanted so much to live and get involved with people (4). His excitement for life and travel is contagious and quickly helps Sal get away from his sheltered life. Sal and Dean envision America as an unending horizon of infinite possibilities, full of adventure. Upon leaving New York for the first time, Sal says, l was halfway across America, at the dividing line between the East of my youth and the West of my future.. . (15). He looks forward to what the west holds In store for him. Pondering what they will do upon arriving at their unknown destination Dean says, We know America, were at home; I can go anywhere in America and get what I want because its the same in every corner, I know the people, I know what they do (121). Dean and Sal believe that they do not need to worry about what they will do or how they will get by, but that they will be greeted by endless opportunities, fun, and adventures. The opportunities that they dream of are a result of their belief In America and the open road.One critic, Mark Richardson comments, All truly valuable things, this novel suggests, mom about only through the creative and possibly deceitful agency of belief-? through yea-saying, not through skepticism and denial (Richardson 222). However, Dean and Gals belief in the opportunities of America often leads them into situations that end poorly and ultimately cause Sal to return home. Each of the four parts of the novel that take place on the road begin with Sal escape. He initially takes to the road cautiously but gains confidence and energy for the new life which he is pursuing.On each adventure, the action builds and reaches a high point until an event occurs that causes his plans to fall apart or call him back o New York. While living among migrant workers Sal states, l was through with my chores in the cotton field. I could feel the pull of my own life calling me back (Kerouac 98). Sal always returns back home, dejected and depressed. As he says at the end of his first Journey, Here I was at the end of America no more land and now there was nowhere to go but back (77). The realities of running out of money, adventures gone awry, and desertion shatter Gals dreams of the life he could have in the west.His dreams are left unfulfilled as he realizes the impulsiveness and irresponsibility of his actions. However, he never fully abandons his belief in the magic and myth of America, as shown by his return to the road three times after the initial trip. Richardson believes that despite the realities that Sal is eventually faced with, On the Road is a book that simply refuses to be Jaded, no matter how canny, ironic, and self-aware it becomes (Richardson 219). Similar to the dreams and realities faced in On the Road are those that Houck faces in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.Houck feels confined by Widow Douglass who tries to civilize him. He wants to experience the freedom which he felt while having adventures with Tom Sawyer. Houck eventually gains this desired freedom after he is forced to live with his father. Rather than living with an abusive father, Houck fakes his own death and escapes from Pap and civilization. Houck takes a canoe to an island where he runs into Jim, a runaway slave, who becomes his companion on the Journey. Unlike Sal in On the Road, Husks escape was not from boredom, but from the figurative imprisonment he faced from his father and society.As critic Alan Transcendent comments, The only release is escape, flight, and effacement of the identity through which both town and Pap oppress him; he can resume autonomy only by assuming death for his name (Transcendent par 3). After Houck fakes his own death he is able to pursue his dreams of freedom, travel and adventure; however, like Sal, he is faced with the reality of his dreams. The reality and difficulties he faces are the product of his companionship with Jim. Houck does not feel called to go back home for any reason other than to save Jim, who was sold back into slavery.Whereas Sal always returns home after his adventures, at the end of Twains novel Houck says, l reckon I got to light out for the territory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally shes going to adopt me and civilize me, and I cant stand it (Twain 281). The contrasting motivation for traveling is Just one of the many differences between On the Road and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Another difference between these two works is the main characters view of minorities. Throughout his Journeys, Sal creates a romanticizes view of the Mexican and African American people that he meets.When he meets and falls in love with Terry, a Mexican woman who works in a cotton field in southern California, he also falls in love with his idea of the life of migrant workers. Sal picks cotton for a short time as a way to earn money and says, l was a man of the earth, precisely as I had dreamed I would be (Kerouac 97). Sal is too distracted fulfilling his dream of America to realize the oppression and harshness of conditions that Terry, her family, and other but Gals experience with Terry and her family is their only reality.Sal also comments about an old black couple that picked cotton with the same God-blessed patience their grandfathers had practiced in ante-bellum Alabama (96). Sal is insensitive to the hard work and difficult past that these laborers have to overcome. As critic Douglas Malcolm states, He celebrates manual labor while seemingly utterly unaware of slavery (Malcolm 98). When Sal sees but does not seem to recognize the reality of minority life in this time. During their travels Sal and Dean also experience the Jazz music and culture of African Americans. Sal identifies his own adventures and those of his friends with jazz music.On one of Gals first bus trips he states, And as I sat there listening to that sound of the night which bop has come to represent for all of us, I thought of all my friends from one end of the country to the other and how they were really all in he same vast backyard doing something so frantic and rushing about (Kerouac 12). The beat, pace, and rhythm of Jazz become something that Sal could associate himself with. Douglas Malcolm comments that for Sal and his friends, Jazz and Jazz musicians provided an insiders world of hidden knowledge that distinguished them from straight society (Malcolm 99). Sal enjoys being able to identify himself with and have experiences that he believes are similar to those of African Americans. While traveling through Mill City Sal comments, It was, so they say, the only community in America where whites and Negroes lived together voluntarily; and that was so, and so wild and Joyous a place Ive never seen since (Kerouac 61). Being that this novel was written before the Civil Rights movement, the reader is inclined to question Gals observations.The area was most likely segregated and it is doubtful that there were completely peaceful and Joyous relations throughout the entire community. Gals statement is an example of a white mans ideas of a society where African Americans are fine with being oppressed by a white majority. Sal never comes to a full understanding of peoples struggles that underlie his romanticizes portrayal of minority life. While Sal romanticizes the lives of African Americans, Houck Finn comes closer to their experiences by forming a bond with runaway slave, Jim. Houck risks everything to travel with Jim and to keep him from being sold back into slavery. Houck shows his dedication to his friend when he is about to send a letter telling Jims owner of his whereabouts. Instead of sending the letter Houck says, All right then, Ill go to hell, tears up the letter, and determines to find and free Jim (Twain 206). Throughout the kook, Husks understanding of Jims life and the lives of other slaves grows but never fully develops. Houck sees Jims desperation for freedom, but rather than free Jim immediately, he and Tom Sawyer decide to play games.While traveling together, Jim and Houck were companions, but upon arrival at home it seems that Houck has learned nothing. Jim is eventually freed, but Houck seems disappointed that his schemes and plans to free Jim were worthless because he was already set free (278). As Transcendent comments, The implications of a deepening human relation between Houck and Jim fail to materialize in the book (Transcendent par 23). Both Houck and Sal Paradise have opportunities to gain an understanding of the plight of minorities, but both characters fail to seize such opportunities. Ill bring them. Sal travels to escape his boring life in New York, hoping to find adventure and meaning in life on the road. Houck Journeys down the river to escape the constraints of society and an abusive father. Both characters eyes are opened to the harsh realities of their dreams of America, yet continue to long for the freedom they feel in traveling. They do have some experiences, such as those with Mexicans ND African Americans, which bring them closer to appreciating their own freedom.

Integrative Management of Invasive Insect Pests Quiz 1 Essay Example

Integrative Management of Invasive Insect Pests: Quiz 1

Free Essays on Men And Women In Raymond Carvers Fiction

MEN, WOMEN AND RELATIONSHIPS IN RAYMOND CARVER’S FICTION The relationships between men and women are one of the major themes in Raymond Carver’s fiction. His characters are often couples who try to struggle through their tormented lives with aid of alcohol. Furthermore, they are often representatives of lower social classes. Behind their misery lies a dream of a better future which is, however, never fulfilled. In addition to drinking, the issues that come up in Carver’s short stories regarding relationships include the questions of social identity, trust and striving for the control of their own lives. In this essay I will try to introduce the ways in which these problems are come up in a selection of Carver’s stories. I also try to compare and contrast the stories and draw parallels between them. The stories I shall use as an example are Mr Coffee and Mr. Fixit, Gazebo, Neighbors, Feathers and Preservation. Many of the couples in the stories suffer from lack of trust in their relationships. In Mr. Coffee and Mr. Fixit the male narrator and Myrna have drifted apart; Myrna is sleeping with another man and the narrator does not really care. What is even more ironic is the fact that not only does Myrna betray her husband but also her lover Ross has a young girl â€Å"on the side†. Similarly, in Gazebo Duane and Holly find a crack in their relationship because Duane is sleeping with a Mexican woman who cleans the rooms in their hotel. Both the narrator in Mr.Coffee and Holly seem to give up and accept the fact that their spouses are unfaithful, although it is not easy. Holly, especially takes Duane’s affair very seriously, she even threatens to kill herself by jumping out of the window. She is extremely disappointed in her husband: â€Å"You have gone outside the marriage. It’s trust you have killed†. It can be asked if the ever has been trust in their relationsh ip to begin with or is this just a result of the lack of... Free Essays on Men And Women In Raymond Carver's Fiction Free Essays on Men And Women In Raymond Carver's Fiction MEN, WOMEN AND RELATIONSHIPS IN RAYMOND CARVER’S FICTION The relationships between men and women are one of the major themes in Raymond Carver’s fiction. His characters are often couples who try to struggle through their tormented lives with aid of alcohol. Furthermore, they are often representatives of lower social classes. Behind their misery lies a dream of a better future which is, however, never fulfilled. In addition to drinking, the issues that come up in Carver’s short stories regarding relationships include the questions of social identity, trust and striving for the control of their own lives. In this essay I will try to introduce the ways in which these problems are come up in a selection of Carver’s stories. I also try to compare and contrast the stories and draw parallels between them. The stories I shall use as an example are Mr Coffee and Mr. Fixit, Gazebo, Neighbors, Feathers and Preservation. Many of the couples in the stories suffer from lack of trust in their relationships. In Mr. Coffee and Mr. Fixit the male narrator and Myrna have drifted apart; Myrna is sleeping with another man and the narrator does not really care. What is even more ironic is the fact that not only does Myrna betray her husband but also her lover Ross has a young girl â€Å"on the side†. Similarly, in Gazebo Duane and Holly find a crack in their relationship because Duane is sleeping with a Mexican woman who cleans the rooms in their hotel. Both the narrator in Mr.Coffee and Holly seem to give up and accept the fact that their spouses are unfaithful, although it is not easy. Holly, especially takes Duane’s affair very seriously, she even threatens to kill herself by jumping out of the window. She is extremely disappointed in her husband: â€Å"You have gone outside the marriage. It’s trust you have killed†. It can be asked if the ever has been trust in their relationsh ip to begin with or is this just a result of the lack of...

Biochemical Processes of Oil Degradation

Biochemical Processes of Oil Degradation 1. INTRODUCTION Surfactants are surface active compound that reduce the interfacial tension between two liquids, or that between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants are organic compound that contain both hydrophobic (head part of the surfactant) and hydrophilic (tail part of the surfactant) moieties. Thus surfactant contains both water insoluble i.e. water repellent group as well as water soluble i.e. water loving group. Biosurfactants are also surface active compound like chemical surfactants but unlike the chemical surfactant, biosurfactant are synthesized by microbes like bacteria, fungi and yeast. Biosurfactants comprise the properties of dropping surface tension, stabilizing emulsions, promoting foaming and are usually non-toxic and biodegradable. Recently interest in biosurfactant has increased because of its diversity, flexibility in operation, and more eco-friendly then chemical surfactant (BS Saharan et al ., 2011; Eduardo J. gudiËÅ"na et al ., 2011). Biochemical process es of oil degradation carried out by microbes involves several type of enzymatic reactions driven by oxygenase, dehydrogenase and hydroxylase (Hamamura N et al., 2008). These enzymes cause aliphatic and aromatic hydroxidation, oxidative deamination, hydrolysis and other biochemical transformation of original oil substance leading to formation of large number of intermediate degradation products. However, a major limitation of microbial degradation of crude oil is its hyydrophobicity. Biosurfactant produced by oil degrading bacteria facilitate the uptake of crude oil hydrocarbons by bacterial cells and also have low toxicity and high biodegradability (Batista SB et al. , 2006). So, crude oil degrading bacteria with the ability to produce biosurfactant is widely recommended for fast degradation of crude oil. (Kumar M et al., 2006). Furthermore possibility of their production on large scale, selectivity, performance under intense conditions and their future applications in environ mental fortification also these have been increasingly attracting the attention of the scientific and industrial community. These molecules have a potential to be used in a variety of industries like cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, humectants, food preservative and detergents (BS Saharan et al. , 2011). But the production of biosurfactant on industry level is still challenge because of using high costly synthetic media for microbial growth. Biosurfactants are classified on the basis of diversity in their structure and their microbial origin. They contain a hydrophilic group, that contain an acid, peptide cations, or anions, mono-, di- or polysaccharides and a hydrophobic group of unsaturated or saturated hydrocarbon chains or fatty acids. Biosurfactants produced by a variety of microorganisms mainly bacteria, fungi and yeasts are diverse in chemical composition and their nature and the amount depend on the type of microbes producing a particular biosurfactant. 1.1 Classification of Bio surfactant: Biosurfactants are classified in to two major group one is low molecular weight surface active agent call biosurfactant and high molecular weight substance called bio-emulsifier that is especially used as enhancement of emulsification of hydrocarbon. Further these two major group is divided in to six major group known as glycolipids, lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins-lipopeptides, phospholipids, hydroxylated and cross linked fatty acids. (a) Glycolipids: Mostly biosurfactants are glycolipds. They are lipids with a carbohydrate attached. The connection is by means of either an ether or ester group. Among the glycolipids, the best known are rhamnolipids sophorolipids and trehalolipids.

Walmart Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Walmart - Research Paper Example A progress in economy is achieved only when there is an uninterrupted production and consumption force. The growing population has made sure that the latter is always satisfied. It is the productivity that has a volatile quality attached to it. Productivity is one major force that can push the economic prosperity of any country, provided the workers and producers work towards the development of quality and cost-effective products. In the current scenario, with economic exploitation and commercialization spreading across at a rapid rate, there is an opportunity for everyone to compete in an equal environment. To be on top of such an environment, for more than three decades, it must take a great deal of effort and commitment. In this case, all those terms that define and celebrate success can only be associated with Wal-Mart, the world’s leading super-market. Be it in pricing of the products, implementation of latest technology to manage inventories or in customer satisfaction, Wal-Mart has always succeeded in achieving the best. The have become the largest employer in private category and have an outstanding record of having 8 out of every 10 Americans to be their customers. It has always been the case where they set the benchmark for the successful running of a private organization, and always, other competitors have followed their footsteps. Wal-Mart – How it began It all started, when a small time business man, Sam Walton, decided to start an innovative grocery store, innovative not by its design but by the principal of its working. When every other grocery store owner was trying to pocket the maximum discount got from supplier’s end, Walton decided to give it to the consumer itself. The principle behind that being, less price means less profit and more sales but, more sales guarantees a consistent profit. It was an instant success and riding on it, Walton went on to open Wal-Mart, his first of the many grocery stores, in the year 1962. ( Frank, 2011) Strategies of Wal-Mart Living a very modest life, Sam Walton was extremely frugal in his expenses. His mode of living helped him to focus on the principle of selling quality goods at low cost so that people get benefitted for each of their shillings they spend. The company still continues to work on this principle and continues to reap success. (Frank, 2011) The strategies of the organization are based on the motives given below: To be on top of the retail market ladder in each of their branch location By expanding the size of each store and selling every product at a cost comparatively lower to their competitors and by expanding their volume of sales, they have managed to achieve being a top company in retail market. To have a global expansion They have sustained their dominance by expanding globally. They have also spread their bases in eastern countries like China and India and have also made efforts to open outlets in developing countries. As a proof of their global expansion, they have about 2 million employees working in the organization, with 27 brands of Wal-Mart products and around 8000 retail outlets spread out in 15 countries. In 2009 alone, they have spent more than 4 billion to expand their outlets. (Densley, 2010) To improve customer satisfaction by developing a sense of trust about Wal-Mart They aim to achieve supreme quality with the products they sell through their brand name and provide the same at the lowest price possible. To improve the satisfaction of the customers, Wal-Mart has even made partnerships with other businesses like the food stores (e.g. McDonalds) and hang-out stores to allow them to keep a branch within their outlet. This helped the customers to have a feel of a complete and happy shopping experience. To expand business in other commercial product sectors. In the recent years, Wal-Mart has successfully ventured into new sectors like the pharmacy market, auto-markets, electronic products etc. They have maintained their

Principles of Effective Practice in the Teaching and Assessment of Essay

Principles of Effective Practice in the Teaching and Assessment of Reading - Essay Example The instructors should seek to motivate and stimulate the learners to work at optimum levels. Information should be processed and developed inside the brains of students. Vocabulary is slowly built up in order to ensure that they have obtained exposure to the various language patterns and structures. The final stages of reading involve the ability of students to form complex words and phrases. They are able to decipher the meaning of the text. They can apply outside knowledge in order to obtain an outline of the text. Empirical studies have demonstrated that a staged approach towards reading can produce benefits for young children. It helps to generate interest and passion for young children. It leads to commitment and devotion to reading acquisition skills. Further reading helps to enhance the cognitive and intellectual capacity of young students. Finally, it exposes them to vast literature that can help them achieve educational objectives. The level of understanding of various styles of writing is defined as reading comprehension. The proficiency of reading deeply related to the ability to identify words quickly and store the information in memory. When the identification process is difficult for the students when they use much of their energy of processing memory to read and recognize the individual words and as a result, their ability to understand is greatly affected. Researchers believe that it is very important for the children to learn to recognize the printed text and analyze it, regardless of whether they can read it on their own or not. The process of comprehension begins at the nursery stage. On the other hand, some researchers believe that this approach is not useful particularly for young children because they think that kids should learn to decode different words in form of phonics before developing analytical thinking. Teachers often use the technique of round-robin re, adding. It's a process in which tea cher call upon students individually turn by turn to read a piece of a given particular text. It was evident that this method of reading test focus more on comprehension rather than teaching it.  

Military Orders Essay Example for Free

Military Orders Essay The issue of following military orders from higher ranking military officials that may be unethical has been a disturbing and controversial issue over many years and decades. Many soldiers and service members in general have been put into a situation where they were given in order, knowing well that the situation isn’t right but cannot disobey. The leader giving the order in all likelihood may threaten or set out stiff punishment on to the individual who did not follow the order or hesitates to follow out on the order. It just isn’t fair that these soldiers and service members are put in these situations and get punished for doing the right thing. When this situation may be in question in a court of law because of the severity of the crime, these soldiers may get in trouble for committing the act even though they were just following orders. This is a big problem in the United States military and it’s not fair that these soldiers and service members, who sacrifice their lives for our freedom, are punished and put in this situation. Military members who fail to obey the lawful orders of their superiors risk serious consequences. Article 90 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) makes it a crime for a military member to willfully  disobey a superior commissioned officer. Article 91 makes it a crime to willfully   disobey a superior Noncommissioned or Warrant Officer. Article 92 makes it a crime to disobey any lawful order (the disobedience does not have to be â€Å"willful† under this article). In fact, under Article 90, during times of war, a military member who willfully disobeys a superior commissioned officer can be sentenced to death (Powers, N/A). The articles that mentioned above clearly state that a service member cannot disobey a lawful order or they will be punished for the crime, under the article covers their punishment. The excuse of just following orders when they are lawful or not is not an excuse nor will it bold well in a military court. Following through with an unlawful order is bad if not worse than disobeying a lawful order. The individuals committing these crimes will be held accountable and will be punished to the fullest extent. In other cases, some service members have made willful decisions in which they have went AWOL from the orders they received and were supposed to report. An example is when an Army flight surgeon who is risking his career to force President Barack Obama to prove he’s a natural born citizen is under investigation by the Army after failing to report for duty in preparation for an Afghanistan deployment. Lt. Col. Terrance Lakin was ordered to report to Fort Campbell, Ky. on April 12 but instead reported to Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, his former assignment (Jordan, 2010). In this situation, Lt. Col. Lakin is committing a willful crime that is illegal under the articles of UCMJ and is only doing this because of his beliefs. His beliefs that President Barrack Obama needs to prove he is a natural born citizen of the United States. Just reading this article, it provides me with this question: Is it really worth getting in trouble and potentially giving up on a well decorated, stable career for just not showing up to your assigned place of duty just for some proof. President Obama was put into office for a reason and like any job out there was checked up upon and is very much qualified for the position. I think this is a bad decision by Lt. Col. Lakin. Giving up so much for this purpose is just plain ridiculous to me. There are also times where groups of soldiers disobey orders set out for them only because they feel for their lives. Maybe, they experienced something before they lead them to disobey the order. In 2004, Jeremy Hudson of the Clarion-Ledger in Jackson, Miss. , the reporter who broke the story about a military unit in Iraq refusing to go on a dangerous mission. The U. S. military unit in Iraq reportedly refused an order to join what the soldiers called a suicide mission to deliver fuel from their base near Nasiriyah to another base near Taji further north. The soldiers were reservists in a Quartermaster Company. They were supposed to deliver fuel. And they had had some concerns previously about delivering the fuel because of, as they termed it, ill-equipped vehicles mainly lacking the proper armor, and even maintenance problems with the vehicles. They had expressed this, from what I have been told, to their commanders, and basically it fell on deaf ears. They got together and talked to their commanders, from what Im told was for some time, and basically got nowhere. So they decided together to not go (Hudson, 2004). In an article in the Lancet (The Lancet, 2011), a survey was conducted 7 to months into a 15 month, intensity combat deployment in Iraq, between December 11, 2007 and January 30, 2008. An infantry brigade combat team soldiers were picked randomly based upon their company and last four digits of each of these soldiers social security number. The following is an a piece of the article explaining the methods conducted to produce this survey. These soldiers were then invited to complete an anonymous survey 3 months after completion of the training. Reports of unethical behavior and attitudes in this sample were compared with a randomly selected pre-training sample from the same brigade. The response patterns for ethical behavior and reporting of ethical violations were analyzed with chi-square analyses. We developed two logistic regression models using self-reported unethical behaviors as dependent variables. Factors associated with unethical conduct, including combat experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), were assessed with validated scales (The Lancet, 2011). 500 random soldiers were selected to take the survey and 421 agreed to do the anonymous post training survey. 97 soldiers completed the pre-training survey. The following is the results of the surveys that these soldiers took. Training was associated with significantly lower rates of unethical conduct of soldiers and greater willingness to report and address misconduct than in those before training. For example, reports of unnecessary damage or destruction of private property decreased from 13 ·6% (54 of 397) before training to 5 ·0% (21 of 421) after training (percent difference ? 63 ·2%), and willingness to report a unit member for mistreatment of a non-combatant increased from 36 ·0% (143 of 397) to 58 ·9% (248 of 421). Nearly all participants (410 [97%]) reported that training made it clear how to respond towards non-combatants. Combat frequency and intensity was the strongest predictor of unethical behavior; PTSD was not a significant predictor of unethical behavior after controlling for combat experiences (The Lancet, 2011). With the results of this survey I have come to the conclusion that training is the key to educate these soldiers on how to handle combat situations. The percentage increased in every topic discussed and it proves the fact that training is the absolute way to help these soldiers learn and understand the rules and regulations. What is lawful and what is not. Also, the soldier rights to disobey an order that is not lawful. There are other unethical matters that deal with the military and orders that are ordered to take place. The issue of a soldier that is wounded/injured in a warzone or a military environment and is taken to a medical facility receives but the soldier makes the decision to refuse the medical attention. What rights does the soldier if any have? Does this soldier have the right to make this decision? By not receiving the medical attention, he or she can affect their own livelihood and also others around them by refusing to get help. In an article by Janet Kelly, of the University of Hull, UK, she presents a few scenarios on about this topic and what happens when a soldier does deny medical treatment. The following paragraph is in the article and shows one of these scenarios. With the examples I provided, I have learned that the United States military strictly punishes its service member with the crimes they commit by going by their governing document of the UCMJ. Following military orders is a strictly enforced. There isn’t any room for error when an order is given unless it is an unlawful order and can be challenged by the service member towards the superior official.

Suicide Bombers Essay -- Suicide Attacks Islam Koran Terrorism Essays

Suicide Bombers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What makes a suicide bomber? Is it religions upbringing with promises of paradise in reward for acts of martyrdom? Is it the parental support he or she receives for his convictions? Is it society with no means of fighting back against oppression and humiliation? (http://www.israelinsider.com/channels/security/articles/sec0049.htm). In this paper I will discuss the characteristics of a suicide bomber, their mission, as well as discuss suicide attacks. Suicide Bombers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Suicide bombers are said to believe that God sends them on their missions, and by the time they are ready to be stopped with explosives, they had reached a hypnotic state. (http://www.israelinsider.com/channels/security/articles/sec0049.htm) As one can see, religion is a powerful factor. Though the Koran teaches against taking one's own life, the suicide bombers are seen as martyrs and are said to be living in the heavens. (http://www.cnn.com/2001/world/hanna.focus) However, it is stated that suicide is forbidden in Islam. However, fighting oppression is commendable, harming innocent bystanders, even in times of war, was forbidden by the prophet Muhammad. (www.israelinsider.com/channels/security/articles/sec0049.htm) Suicide bombers are very complex. They are never justified in their actions. According to Yediot Aharonot, this is the profile of a typical suicide bomber: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  97% of the suicide bombers have an academic education and an additional 28% have at least a high school ...

Middlebrook leisure and Retail Park coursework.

For my first aim I had to collect results to prove that the Middlebrook is located on the outskirts of a main town or city. I found out that the main town the Middlebrook is located to is Bolton. From my map I obtained off the Internet I measured the distance between the Middlebrook and Bolton by using the scale. I found that it was approximately four miles east of Bolton center, proving that it is located on the outskirts of a main town or city. Using my results I have proved that the Middlebrook fits the description of a typical ‘out of town' shopping center. For my second aim I had to prove that the Middlebrook is split into two main areas of leisure and retail. For this I produced a colour coded land use map to see if there was an obvious split. The map shows that to the left of the Middlebrook there is a domination of Household goods shops and a couple of clothes shops showing that this area is the retail area. When I visited the Middlebrook I saw that the household goods shops were mostly furniture shops such as CSL and D.F.S. There were also DIY shops and bed shops. To the right of the map the leisure isn't so dominant. It obviously shows that it is the retail area but there are some clothes shops and sport shops too. The leisure consists of a bowling alley, cinema, arcade and resteraunts and bars etc. The sports shops which are also located here are JJB, JD and Sports Soccer. There are also Fast Food outlets such as MacDonalds, Burger King and KFC. These are dotted around the car parks and I have put them under leisure. To work out the percentage ratio of Leisure and Reatil I found the amount of stores each had and divided them by the total and multiplied them by one hundred. The percentage of retail stores is 78% and leisure 22%. SO this shows that there is a ratio of 1:3.5, one leisure store to every three and a half retail stores. Most importantly I proved that the Middlebrook is split into two areas of leisure and retail. While at the Middlebrook I took pictures of the parking areas (see photographs) to see if it had aspects of safety. As from my photos I could see that safety was respected very well. Pedestrian paths were sign posted, as well as colour coded, very well. Steel bollards were in place around the parking area and there were also pedestrian crossings. The overall parking area was very large. For my third and final aim, ‘does the Middlebrook have a large sphere of influence', I obtained answers for my questionnaire, obtained a map of the internet to show my results and also create graphs to also show my results. The Middlebrook is located right next to the M61 motorway at junction 6. This massively increases the sphere of influence because it allows people from far away to get to the middlebrook more quicker with ease. The middlebrook also has a Railway Station platform which further increases the sphere of influence. One link is between Chorley, which is about 7 miles from the Middlebrook. There is also a bus stop onsite at the park which is a popular form of public transport. Another aspect which could increase the sphere of influence is the Bolton Wanderers football stadium. This could just be an attraction where people come and view the stadium, but more importantly it pulls in thousands of people from different cities on match days who might be tempted to shop at the Middlebrook before or after a match. To complete my other maps I obtained of the internet I used my questionnaire I took to the Middlebrook with me. My first question was * What town do you live in? From my results of this question I was able to produce a graph and a map. For my graph I created a cylinder bar chart to show the number of people from a town. The towns which were on the bottom axis were in the order of distance from the Middlebrook. So the closest was first and farthest away last. This gave me some idea of where most people came from who visited the Middlebrook. From the same map I got off the internet I was able to show the towns where most people come from who visit the Middlebrook. To do this I used a circles, where every 1/2 centimetre radius was one person, to show the amount of people. I coloured each circle different so it wasn't to complicated. On the same map I was also able to show from the results of my first question the sphere of influence on the middlebrook. To do this I marked off each town that was given to me using pencil. The towns which were close to the Middlebrook I connected up to show the Core sphere of influence and the towns which were further away I connected up to show the outer sphere of influence. I filled each of these areas with different colours and added a key to the side. All the results I obtained off this question proved that the Middlebrook did have a large sphere of influence. Close towns were those such as Bolton, Wigan, Hindley and Chorley. These were all about the same distance away, which is 4 miles. My second question was * What transport did you use to here? a) Car b) Bus c) Train d) Other For this question I produced a pie chart of the different modes of transport used. The pie chart shows that nearly everyone uses a car to get to the middlebrook. 27 people traveled by car, 1 by bus, 1 by train and 1 by an ‘other' form of transport. This result shows me that the sphere of influence is large for the Middlebrook because most people use cars. People are more likely to use cars if they live far away because bus routes often don't exist over long distances and walking is just two far. Also the car is more quicker and more convenient. My third question was * How often do you visit the Middlebrook? a) Daily b) Every few days c) Weekly d) Less often e) First time I also produced a bar chart for this question. I labeled the axis from daily-less often. My graph shows a negative correlation which means that people visit less often rather than regularly. I think these results are correct for an ‘out of town' shopping center because it is a place that isn't visited regularly by shoppers like a place such as a small towns prestinct. This is because there are no housing sites around the Middlebrook as there is in a town which most people visit daily. People that might visit the Middlebrook regularly would be employees of shops. My fourth question was * What is the purpose of your visit here? a) Business b) Retail c) Leisure For this question I produced another pie chart. I thought I could also relate this question to my second aim, ‘Is the park split into two sections of retail and leisure', because the ratio of leisure to retail was 1:3.5. So I investigated the ratio of the purpose of visiting the Middlebrook between the leisure and retail. From the results I obtained four people visited in purpose of leisure and 16 visited in purpose of retail. I found the ratio of this was 1:4, which is very similar to my first ratio in my second aim. This means that for every four retail visitor, there was just one leisure visitor. The amount of people who visited in purpose of business was 10. My last question was * Do you use any other retail and leisure parks? For this question I produced another chart of different parks visited. Most people replied â€Å"no† and the most popular park was the Trafford center which is a shopping center in Manchester. This was probably because the Trafford centre is a lot more popular and has more publicity. Also it has a much larger range of stores which are more popular than some of those at the Middlebrook. From all my results I found that the Middlebrook leisure and retail park does have a large sphere of influence.

Management Information Systems Essay

Information Systems Failure: The Case of Computer-Aided Dispatch (Cad) System at London Ambulance Service 1. Introduction The LAS covers a geographical area of just over 600 square miles and handles emergencies for a resident population of 6.8 million people. The CAD project is one of the most frequently quoted UK-based examples of information systems failure that took place in early 1990s. The prominence of this particular case is due to the ‘safety critical’ nature of this system and the claim that 20-30 people may have lost their lives as a result of CAD failure. 2. Description of the Manual Dispatch System The manual dispatch system consists of: a) call taking, b) resource identification, and c) resource mobilization. Call Taking: Emergency calls are received by ambulance control. Control assistants write down details of incidents on pre-printed forms. The location of each incident is identified and the reference co-ordinates are recorded on the forms. The forms are then placed on a conveyer belt which transports them to a central collection point. Resource Identification: Other members of ambulance control collect the forms, review the details on the forms and decide which resource allocator should deal with each incident. The resource allocator examines the forms for a particular sector, compares the details against information recorded for each vehicle and decides which resource should be mobilized. The status information on these forms is updated regularly from information received via the radio operator. The resource is recorded on the original form which is then passed on to a dispatcher. Resource mobilization: The dispatcher either telephones the nearest ambulance station or passes instructions to the radio operator if an ambulance is already mobile. A number of problems exist with the manual dispatch system. Most problems are related to the time-consuming and error-prone nature of activities such as: identification of the precise location of an incident, the physical movement of paper forms, and maintaining up-to-date vehicle status information. Therefore, a Computer- Aided Dispatch (CAD) system was considered as a solution to overcome these problems. 3. The Computer-Aided Dispatch System 3.1 Purpose The objective of the CAD system was to automate many of the human-intensive processes involved in the manual despatch system. 3.2 How the CAD system was intended to work The essential features of the CAD system are shown in Figure 1 which illustrates how the system was intended to work in practice. British Telecom (BT) operators would route all 999 calls concerning medical emergencies to LAS headquarters. A total of 18 ‘receivers’ were then expected to record on the system the name, telephone number and address of the caller, and the name, destination address and brief details of the patient. This information would then be transmitted over a LAN to an ‘allocator’. The system would pinpoint the patient’s location on a map. The system was also expected to monitor continuously the location of every ambulance via radio messages transmitted by each vehicle. The system would then determine the nearest ambulance to the patient. Figure 1: The structure of CAD system at LAS Experienced ambulance ‘dispatchers’ were organized into teams based on three zones (south, north-east, and north-west). Dispatchers would be offered details of the three nearest ambulances by the system and the estimated time each would need to reach the scene. The dispatcher would choose an ambulance and send patient details to a small terminal screen located on the dashboard of the ambulance. The ambulance crew would then be expected to confirm that it was on its way. If the selected ambulance was in an ambulance depot then the dispatch message would be received on the station computer. The ambulance crew would always be expected to acknowledge a message. The system would automatically alter HQ of any ambulance where no acknowledgement was made. A follow-up message would then be sent from HQ. The system would detect messages that would tell HQ when the ambulance crew had arrived, when it was on its way to a hospital and when it was free again. 3.3 How the CAD system was built The CAD system was built as an event-based system using a rule-based approach and was intended to interact with a geographical information system (GIS). The system was built by a small software house called Systems Options using their own GIS software (WINGS) running under Microsoft Windows. The GIS communicated with Datatrak’s automatic vehicle tracking system. The system ran on a series of network PCs and file servers supplied by Apricot. 4. Events that Identified the Flaws of the CAD System On the night of the 26th October 1992 (Monday), things started to go wrong at the HQ of LAS. A flood of 999 calls apparently swamped operators’ screens and many of those calls were being wiped off screens for unknown reasons. Claims were later made that 20 to 30 people may have died as a result of ambulance arriving late on the scene. Some ambulances took over three hours to answer a call while the government’s recommended maximum was 17 min utes. Mr. John Wilby, the chief executive officer of LAS resigned within a couple of days of this event. A number of Members of Parliament called for a public inquiry. The Health Secretary initiated an inquiry and the findings were eventually published in an 80-page report in February, 1993, which immediately became headline news in both the computing and the national press. 5. Findings of the Inquiry The inquiry found evidence of poor management practice, high technological complexities and unfavorable operating environment involved in the implementation of the CAD system in LAS. Systems Options, the company responsible for developing the major part of the CAD system had no previous experience of building similar type of systems. This company, which had won the  £1.1 million contract for the development of the CAD system in June 1991, was found to have substantially underbid an established supplier (McDonnellDouglas). Hence, Systems Options was under serious pressure to complete the system quickly. The managing director of a competing software house wrote various memoranda to LAS management in June and July 1991 describing the project as ‘totally and fatally flawed’. It appeared that Mr. Wilby ignored what amounted to an over-ambitious project timetable. Furthermore, an audit report by Anderson Consulting which called for more finance an d longer time scales for the CAD project was suppressed by the project managers. The board of management of LAS was even misled by the project team over the experience of Systems Options and the references supplied by Systems Options were not thoroughly investigated. Due to the extreme time pressure to develop the CAD system within the allocated timeframe, the project team responsible for developing the system practically did not follow any standard systems development approach. As a result, the resultant software was incomplete and unstable. In January 1992, phases one and two of the project began live trials. In March 1992, phase two of the trials was temporarily suspended due to the discovery of system errors. In October 1992, phase three was terminated after two days of reported chaos described above. Questions were raised about the complexity of the technical system. In the manual dispatch system, communication between HQ and ambulances is conducted via telephone or voice radio links. In the CAD system, links between communication, logging and dispatching vi a a GIS were meant to be automated. The automation was completed but no performance testing was thoroughly performed due to the rushed approach to meet the deadline. The system was lightly loaded at start-up on the 26th October, 1992. Any problems, caused by the communications systems (e.g. ambulance crews pressing wrong buttons, or ambulances being in radio black spots) could be effectively managed by staff. However, as the number of ambulance incidents increased, the amount of incorrect vehicle information recorded by the system also increased. This had a knock-on effect in that the system made incorrect allocations on the basis of the information that it had. For example, multiple vehicles were sent to the same incident, or the closet vehicle was not chosen for the dispatch. As a result, the system had fewer ambulance resources to allocate. At the receiving end, patients became frustrated with the delays to ambulances arriving at incidents. This led to an increase in the number of calls made back to the LAS HQ relating to already recorded incidents. The increased volume of calls, together with a slow system and an insufficient number of call-takers, contributed to significant delays in answering the telephones which, in turn, caused further delays to patients. At the ambulance end, crews became increasingly frustrated at incorrect allocations and this led to an increased number of instances where they failed to press the right status buttons. The system therefore appears to have been in a vicious circle of cause and effect. There was also an apparent mismatch of perspectives among LAS management, HQ staff, and ambulance staff. The system has been described as being introduced in an atmosphere of mistrust by staff. There was incomplete ownership of the system by the majority of LAS staff. The hardware and software suppliers involved in this project reported low staff morale and friction between LAS management and workforce. In other words, an atmosphere of hostility towards the computing systems was observed. One of the reasons for low staff morale was that control room staff lacked previous experience of using computer systems. 6. Conclusion In summary, no single element of the case can be regarded as the sole cause for the failure of the CAD system in LAS. The description demonstrates that failure of information systems projects tend to be multi-faceted in nature. Discuss Questions: a) Discuss the CAD system in terms of Interaction Failure. b) What lessons can be learned from the failure of the CAD project in LAS?

Immigration in Canada and US essays

Immigration in Canada and US essays Immigration has played a major part historically in the growth of Canadas population. Between 1901 and 1911 alone, Canada received over 1.5 million immigrants, representing 28 percent of Canadas total population at the time. Recently, however, Canadas immigration policies and practices have come under scrutiny and criticism, as increasingly larger numbers of people begin to question whether current progressive immigration policy is beneficial in the long run for Canada and Canadians. Essentially, Canada has begun to question itself whether its current restrictions on immigration are sufficient. Throughout its history Canada has maintained numerous immigration policies, many not surviving the life span of the government under which they were created. Yet these policies, although highly restrictive, were not in the best interest of the country. Many were established to protect the individual interests of the current government, or they were established in an effort to maintain the government of the times essentially racist conception of Canada. In fact, it wasnt until 1962 that Canadas essentially all-white immigration policy was abolished. In 1976 Canada adopted a points-based system, where potential immigrants were assigned various points based on such things as age, education, and net worth. This system was designed to prevent immigrants from being barred entry into the country based on race, religion, or creed. Essentially, those immigrants with sufficiently large personal savings, or with jobs skills listed under the governments General Occupations List, would be awarded more points, thus increasing there chance of being granted admittance into the country. Recently, the government has adopted new policies to bring this system up to date. Under current proposals, new immigrants would have to demonstrate fluency in one of the official languages. As well, points would no longer b...

Beowulf & King Lear Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Beowulf & King Lear - Essay Example Nowhere is this more evident than in his blatant disregard of Cordelia’s affection and the subsequent decision to hand over control of his kingdom to his two unworthy daughters, Regan and Goneril. His two wicked daughters who praise and flatter Lear, tripping over themselves to demonstrate with words to convince them of their great love for him as their father, are the same two women who spend the remainder of the play seeking to destroy him. It is Cordelia who attempts to save him and the rest of Britain by bringing in an army to try and save them from the evil represented by her sisters. King Lear quickly disowned Cordelia, previously his favorite of his three daughters, for not showing him the same flattery and praise that her sisters faked in his presence. He placed her in a terrible position, leaving for France and her wedding without the benefit of a dowry or the blessings of her family. Dependant solely on her virtuous nature, she leaves Britain to be married to the King of France who, unlike her father, treasures that nature above any flattery that she would bestow upon him. He gifts her with an army to return to her father’s kingdom in the hopes of saving it from destruction at the hands of her sisters. Cordelia displays an inner strength that is enviable. She faces harsh punishment at the hands of her beloved father for simply refusing to stroke his ego without breaking down. She also sails off to her husband without so much as her father’s blessing to encourage the marriage. Cordelia displays a kind of courage not shown in either her father or her siblings. While she could have saved herself the torment that her father put her through by pleasing him with pretty, empty words as her sisters did, the play would have lost much of its tragic element and the catalyst for future events. If Cordelia had sided with her sisters, she would have been given an equal

Developing Successful Business Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Developing Successful Business Teams - Essay Example Therefore, the organisations in the present business world often emphasise and promote adequate cooperation among the team members to efficiently attain their desired goals and objectives as per the planning. Moreover, the firms also seek to promote credibility of the workforce and emphasise on adequate and effective communication processes among the members in order to obtain greater control and productivity of the organisation (Mickan & Rodger, 2000). Emphasising upon the emerging competition and striving performance of the marketers, the major objective of this report is to demonstrate and understand the primary features of a successful business team. Thus, the discussion of this report will be focused on highlighting and analysing the major traits along with explaining the major phases to improve the performance of a success business team. Additionally, the paper will also focus on assessing the monitoring processes which can enable the organisation to attain greater efficiency of a successful team. 2. The Features of Successful Business Team Defining the major characteristics of a successful business team always constitutes a broad consensus which represents a large number of attributes to enhance the level of efficiency within the workforce or staff members. A successful business team comprises a large number of attributes which accumulatively facilitates the organisation to proactively perform its each operation with clarity and efficiency. Understanding the ultimate goals of the team and the organisation on the whole is one of the fundamental characteristics of an effective and successful team. In this regard, the team members should be highly aware to prioritise the ultimate aim of the team which can generate adequate capability to achieve the stipulated goals as planned for the benefits of the organisation.... Additionally, the paper will also focus on assessing the monitoring processes which can enable the organisation to attain greater efficiency of a successful team. 2. The Features of Successful Business Team Defining the major characteristics of a successful business team always constitutes a broad consensus which represents a large number of attributes to enhance the level of efficiency within the workforce or staff members. A successful business team comprises a large number of attributes which accumulatively facilitates the organisation to proactively perform its each operation with clarity and efficiency. 2.1 Characteristics of a Successful Business Team a. Understanding the Team Goals Understanding the ultimate goals of the team and the organisation on the whole is one of the fundamental characteristics of an effective and successful team. In this regard, the team members should be highly aware to prioritise the ultimate aim of the team which can generate adequate capability to a chieve the stipulated goals as planned for the benefits of the organisation. b. Commitment Commitment towards complying with a common philosophy through sharing value to each member of the team can also efficiently attain the ultimate desires of the organisation. Moreover, it can also empower the members to increase their productivity substantially. c. Recognising Roles and Responsibilities It is also important for the members of a successful team to clearly identify their respective roles and responsibilities within the organisation. This particular factor tends to enhance the overall capability of the organisation in terms of accomplishing each task within the specified time in an adequate

Forensic Science 5.1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forensic Science 5.1 - Essay Example Carbon strip involves the use of an activated carbon strip to absorb the vapors from debris and then mixed with a solvent for analysis. Solvent wash is used when the debris cannot be easily vaporized due to high boiling point. Subsequently after sample preparation gas chromatography is used to separate the chemicals for identification and assessment (Gaensslen, 2008). 2. There are two main objectives of investigating a fire scene: (1) to identify the cause of fire and (2) its origin. Since fires burn upwards, the burn patterns are important in trying to understand the direction or fire and how it possibly started. Then points of origin are looked for to analyze the origins of fire. 3. Whenever an explosive detonates, it causes much more damage than the usual fire. Explosions are characterized by a special kind of combustion that occurs more quickly and is capable of giving off large amounts of heat quite quickly. Hence, the intensity of an explosion is great. Igniters, primers, or detonators are used along with main charge that causes a lot of damage when they explode. 4. Chromatography is common separation and analysis technique common to both in investigating an explosive or fire debris. Infrared spectrography is more common for analyzing explosives in addition to gas chromatography. However, the nature of an explosion differs greatly from a normal fire. 5. Examination of an unexploded device is different because unlike having debris or other physical evidence, unexploded devices have to rendered safe, examined for all the components, and identified in terms of their chemical make-up. However, exploded devices involve microscopic investigation and gas chromatography. 11. Trace evidences are small-sized physical evidences that are used to make connections between criminal and/or victim. Transfer materials on the other hand are those that are found on objects as a result of being transferred because of contact (Gaensslen, 2008). 14. A control sample

Plagiarism and Academic Integrity Research Paper

Plagiarism and Academic Integrity - Research Paper Example Proper paraphrasing should involve using your own word to express another person’s idea. Nevertheless, you should still acknowledge the original source of the idea through in text citation and in the reference page. However, rearranging word in a statement entails copying someone’s idea, which is equivalents to plagiarizing (Walden University, 2012).   The third thing I learnt about plagiarism is when I am supposed to cite sources. From the weeks readings, I have learnt that I should always cite direct quotes from other peoples work, paraphrased or summarized ideas, statistical information, when not sure if a certain concept require citation and whenever I make use of any source that contains someone else idea (City College of San Francisco , 2011; Prentice Hall Companion, 2011). This knowledge is crucial and will enable me to indicate the original source of information I may use in my own writing always. This is crucial since it will enable me build my academic integrity and avoid mishaps such as cancelation of assignments. Acknowledging other people’s ideas will enable me to become a responsible student since I will be recognizing the people who have played a role in my learning. Academic integrity is important because it helps in development of honesty and responsible. Academic integrity means being able to respect other people’s work by being able to distinguish my ideas and acknowledging those of others. Academic integrity helps in establishment of dignity between the students, instructors and the entire institution. Additionally, academic integrity enables creation of an environment when students are able to triumph out of their own efforts (Walden University, 2012).   An institution that emboldens academic integrity enables the students to develop their own philosophies. Instructors are able to identify the students input into a piece of work when they acknowledge other

Blue Ocean Strategy Strategy Simulation Analysis

Blue Ocean Strategy Strategy Simulation Analysis Background The below chart shows the characteristics of Resheps blue ocean product Blue box, highlighted in Yellow. The product was considerably different from the existing products in the market, but due to concerns with the team budget the changes were kept austere to save on the project costs. Only one path (3) was targeted. The price of the product was fixed much higher than the Red box as the product blue box was very superior to it in a number of ways, some of the features that the blue box continued from the red round products were very similar to Shiny station and Purple player levels and hence the price was felt justifiable. Year 2012 The above charts clearly show that the strategy of our targeting was working given that the preference that we received in the 36+ age group was the highest; this was the group that was primarily targeted by path 3 that we had chosen while launching the product in the market. The concern, based on the feedback received; however were the following: The Product could have received support from a wider majority had we chosen to add a few more features to the product. The price of the product might be too high even for the features that had been provided. Some of the features were below or above the expectations of the market and hence needed adjustment in their levels. Based on this feedback we decided to change the product specifications in the manner shown below High Average The feature controller sophistication was reduced Audio sophistication was increased Rechargeable batteries was reduced Ability to control gaming habits was increased And Exer-gaming was introduced The features were reduced or removed to keep the overall cost of production in control. The greatest challenge that the blue ocean strategy simulation offered was that the simulation did not provide any intelligence as to what exact level the consumer wanted for a particular feature; it had to be derived from the analysis of the visual exploration brief. Result 2012 The analysis of our team in the second round was correct but we again found certain discrepancies, such as: The pricing was still found to be higher than expected for the blue box the features which were to be reduced were not found to be reduced to the appropriate levels Also the production plan was found to be lower than the demand Year 2013 Keeping these in mind we considered our product to be largely successful, so for expanding the market we tried a strategy which was a little different from the one recommended by the feedback messages Instead of just decreasing prices we decided to increase some features and reduce the prices only a little bit. This was done to get the maximum possible margin from the market by getting more consumers to buy. The prices were not reduced much but due to concerns regarding the EBIT The production level was increased to 1000 units expecting a increase in sales due to enhancement in product features Result 2013 The product features were accepted by the market but the sales slacked, this may have been due to the following: The market did not need the feature that we added to the product New products were introduced by the competitors Chart below shows the comparative analysis of the competitors and our blue ocean strategy (Next page). Through product features and consumer preferences. Conclusion Clearly from the product specifications we can conclude that the Blue box was the most superior product but the consumer showed a very high preference for the product blue pack, which due to lower prices of the product. This was also the major feedback. Based on this on the next round more features were added to attract more consumer and remaining different from the competitor even when as blue pack further reduced prices (as our company was facing profitability problems ), we could not lower the prices as we wanted to keep the losses at a minimum. Learning from Blue ocean strategy simulation To attract Non-customers it is most important to give them a price discount The price discount will not be successful, unless the product is radically different from the category, as non-customers are those who have not been satisfied by the category as a whole To reduce prices it is important to eliminate all the irrelevant features. To reduce prices it is important to reduce all the unimportant features. Implementation of blue ocean strategy in Mobile advertising industry The mobile advertising industry is still very nascent in India, but already there are challenges regarding the bombardment of user with advertising messages. The biggest challenge that the advertisers face is that an average mobile user is receiving so many messages every day that it is difficult to stand out. Features currently Available The services that a mobile advertising agency in India provides are the following: SMS Blast to user database collected on the bases of profession and education SMS blast to opt-in user data base MMS blast Banner ads on mobile Wapsite Click to call advertisements Bluetooth based advertising The biggest share of these is taken only by the SMS blasts collected in the bases of education and occupation databases. A blue ocean initiative in such a scenario would be: Description of Introduced feature Location based kiosks Bluetooth based advertising has still not been adopted in India as single brands are very cautious of the costs involved in the functions, but a viable model can be for a mobile agency to set up kiosks on location such as malls with large footfalls. The booth will have a physical presence to attract the people to it Once the mobile user comes close to the kiosk they can be requested to switch on the Bluetooth to receive attractive discounts and applications This model can then be sold to the advertisers as a way to start a conversation with their customer The process The advantages of this model would be: The Individual retailer which currently does not use Mobile as a medium for marketing will start doing so, thus creating the blue ocean. The ads would be the most recent conversation with the consumer The cost would be low as the advertiser will only pay for the number of applications/discounts disbursed The clutter/competition will be irrelevant as the consumer will opt in to receive these messages. The kiosk can also be used as a Out of home media Assignment 2 Blue ocean strategy for Sports academy The sports academies that exist today demand extraordinary commitment from their students. At a very young age the students are required to make a high level of commitment towards sports. The concept i am proposing involves the setting up of an academy which has the all the facilities that any academy of international standards provide to its students plus the aides the child in his education also. This blue ocean will be somewhere between the operations of a typical sports academy and a typical K-12 educational establishment. A similar example would be the Cirque du soleil quoted in the Blue ocean strategy text book. The Cirque du soleil created a blue ocean by incorporating the features of a theatre performance in its circus performance. The K-12 education sector has to seen tremendous growth in the past decade with the maturity coming in the established players in the market such as Educomp and entrance of traditional Educational establishment such as Manipal and DPS. The K-12 education model comprises of all establishments that have a uniform model across multiple branches and necessarily conduct classes starting from kindergarten to 12th standard. The establishments operating currently in the K-12 education sector right now are offering the following characteristics in their offerings Standardised tuitions, based on well defined curriculum Digitised classrooms Transport from and to homes Science and mathematics labs Canteen or other food service Library Sports infrastructure Facilities for hobby development Regular feedback sessions with the parents Mentor mentee program Personality development program Communication skills development programs Career counselling Preparation for competitive exams A sports academy provides the following facilities to its students Specialised infrastructure for various sports Professional coaching for all the relevant sports Mentor mentee program Guidance on career in sports Platform and certification to start competing in events Medical facilities Residential campuses Fitness training This establishment can be called a talent development academy. This is based on the fact the gradually even in India the focus of parents; who are the decision maker in case of K-12 education is shifting towards over all development of the child rather than just getting the educational degree, but they often end up not taking up sports as a career due to the immense risk involved. The academy will reduce this risk by providing its students with educational facilities as well on the campus itself. This may be achieved by collaborating with some of the operators in the education sector to provide the sports academy students with adequate classroom facilities on or near campus. The activities of the academy and attached educational establishment will be coordinated to allow students to manage the two adequately The academy will coordinate with the school in the following manner The student will be required to qualify the minimum criterion for classroom education The school will accommodate the requirements of the sports training schedule Personal database on the performance of each student will be maintained to monitor both academic and sports performance of the student Academics will be handled only during a stipulated time frame The classes will be scheduled according to the extra- curricular activity that the group of children has decided to pursue The focus of the academy will be to develop highly professional sports persons from among its students The result Non-users: those students who had talent but could not pursue their interest due to the inability to handle both education and sports will become users.

Self-discovery in Siddhartha Essay -- Hesse Siddhartha Essays

Self-discovery in Siddhartha Siddhartha, the novel by Hermann Hesse is what can be included as one of the epitomes of allegorical literature. This wondrous novel is focused on the tribulations of Siddhartha through his quest for inner peace. He started out as a young Brahmin's son always thirsting for more intellect and perspective in his life and from there on he endured many transitions. Siddhartha let himself experience all forms of life in his society. He unhesitatingly learned more about how different people lived by stepping into their shoes. He gained the vast varieties of intellect and perspective that he had longed for through his diversity, and he shrewdly applied it to compose his accurate philosophies of everyday life. Siddhartha's character exemplifies the insatiable feeling that everybody harbors. He stood for a unity of individuals. He stood for their thirst, and most importantly he stood for their ultimate quench; He stood for the insatiable feelings that all people have and need to eventually fill. As the Brahmin's son, Siddhartha could not contain himself. He was restless and felt that he had learned all he had to learn amongst his elders, and he was right. He chose to follow another path in life, a path that would show him another part of how people in his world lived. Siddhartha did not allow himself to stick to something that he could not feel to be right, thus he could not stay and worship the gods his father worshipped. He, as disconte... ...the same time, which all continually changed and renewed themselves and which were yet all Siddhartha... He saw the naked bodies of men and women in the postures and transports of passionate love...He saw all these forms and faces in a thousand relationships to each other, all helping each other, loving, hating and destroying each other and become newly born..." (p121) Siddhartha not only experienced them but he overcame them so well that he eventually achieved a great peace inside of him. He was an example for people to follow through the rigorous course of self discovery.

Classical and Contemporary Management

International Information Technology University| Classical and Contemporary Management |   Introduction The world of managing people and processes continues to change dramatically. Managers are faced with the conflicting challenges of understanding and motivating an increasingly diverse workforce, being open and accountable to a wide variety of stakeholders, planning for the future in an increasingly changing environment and considering the ethical implications of decision-making.Nevertheless there is a basis of knowledge that was experienced in the years of production boom which is called classical theory of management. In this paper I will describe them both and provide advantages and drawbacks of each. The Classical School of Management The classical school is the oldest formal school of management. Its begins to develop from the 20th century. The classical school of management generally concerns ways to manage work and organizations more efficiently. Three areas of study that c an be grouped under the classical school are: scientific management, administrative management, and bureaucratic management.The classical school of management has sought to define the essence of management in the form of universal fundamental functions. These, it was hoped, would form the cognitive basis for a set of relevant skills to be acquired, by all would-be managers through formal education. Body of the classical school's management thought was based on the belief that employees have only economical and physical needs, and that social needs and need for job-satisfaction either don't exist or are unimportant.Accordingly, this school advocates high specialization of labor, centralized decision making, and profit maximization. See also behavioral school of management, contingency school of management, quantitative school of management, and systems school of management. The classical management theory is a school of management in which theorists delved into how to find the best p ossible way for workers to perform their tasks. The classical management theory is divided into two branches, the classical scientific and the classical administrative. Also consider reading this: Advantages and Disadvantages of Administrative ManagementThe classical scientific branch comes from the scientific mindset of attempting to increase productivity. During the height of the classical scientific theory, theorists would use almost mechanical methods towards labor and organization to achieve goals of productivity and efficiency. Some of the basic techniques of the classical scientific theory include creating standardized methods for a task and dividing work between employees equally. On the other hand, the classical administrative theory focuses on how management can be organized to achieve productivity.Henri Fayol, a leading figure in management theory, devised several management theories geared towards efficiency, such as creating a unified direction among managers, centralization, and discipline. Other management theories focused on building team confidence, such as establishing teamwork, using initiative, and equity. Strengths of Classical Management Theory Current management organization and structure can find much of its roots from the classical management theory. One of the main advantages of the classical management theory was to devise a methodology for how management should operate.Management principles devised during this period can be seen as a foundation for current management behavior today, such as serving as a force of authority and responsibility. In addition, another benefit of the classical management theory is the focus on division of labor. By dividing labor, tasks could be completed more quickly and efficiently, thus allowing productivity to increase. Division of labor can be seen in many applications today, ranging from fast food restaurants to large production facilities.In addition, the classical management theory also gave rise to an autocratic leadership style, allowing employees to take direction and command from their managers. Weaknesses of the Classical Management Theories Classical theories and the principles derived from them continue to be popular today with some modifications. Many criticisms have been directed at the classicists. Several major ones are discussed here. Reliance on experience – many of the writers in the classical school of management developed their ideas on the basis of their experiences as managers or consultants with only certain types of organizations.For instance, Taylor's and Fayol's work came primarily from their experiences with large manufacturing firms that were experiencing stable environments. It may be unwise to generalize from those situations to others especially to young, high-technology firms of today that are confronted daily with changes in their competitors' products. Untested assumptions – Many of the assumptions made by classical writers were based not on scientific tests but on value judgments that expressed what they believed to be proper life-styles, moral codes, and attitudes toward success.For instance, the classical approaches seem to view the life of a worker as beginning and ending at the plant door. Their basic assumption is that workers are primarily motivated by money and that they work only for more money. They also assume that productivity is the best measure of how well a firm is performing. These assumptions fail to recognize that employees may have wants and needs unrelated to the workplace or may view their jobs only as a necessary evil. Failure of considering the informal organization.In their stress on formal relationships in the organization, classical approaches tend to ignore informal relations as characterized by social interchange among workers, the emergence of group leaders apart from those specified by the formal organization, and so forth. When such things are not considered, it is likely that many important factors affecting satisfaction and performance, such as letting employees participate in decision making and task planning, will never be explored or tried.U nintended consequences – classical approaches aim at achieving high productivity, at making behaviors predictable, and at achieving fairness among workers and between managers and workers; yet they fail to recognize that several unintended consequences can occur in practice. For instance, a heavy emphasis on rules and regulations may cause people to obey rules blindly without remembering their original intent. Oftentimes, since rules establish a minimum level of performance expected of employees, a minimum level is all they achieve. Perhaps much more could be achieved if the rules were not so explicit.Human machinery classical theories leave the impression that the organization is a machine and that workers are simply parts to be fitted into the machine to make it run efficiently. Thus, many of the principles are concerned first with making the organization efficient, with the assumption that workers will conform to the work setting if the financial incentives are agreeable. Static conditions – organizations are influenced by external conditions that often fluctuate over time, yet classical management, theory presents an image of an organization that is not shaped by external influences.Since many of these criticisms of the classical school are harsh, several points need to be made in defense of writers during this period. First, the work force was not highly educated or trained to perform many of the jobs that existed at the time. It was not common for workers to think in terms of what â€Å"career† they were going to pursue. Rather, for many, the opportunity to obtain a secure job and a level of wages to provide for their families was all they demanded from the work setting. Second, much of the writing took place when technology was undergoing a rapid transformation, particularly in the area of manufacturing.Indeed, for many writers, technology was the driving force behind organizational and social change. Thus, their focus was on findin g ways to increase efficiency. It was assumed that all humankind could do was to adapt to the rapidly changing conditions. Finally, very little had been done previously in terms of generating a coherent and useful body of management theory. Many of the classical theorists were writing from scratch, obliged for the most part to rely on their own experience and observations. Thus their focus is understandably narrow.The Classical School of Management was effectively the first coherent set of theoretical perspectives about organization and management covering Scientific Management, Administrative Management and Structuralized Management. As we know, F. W. Taylor, Henri Fayol, and Max Weber are outstanding contributors of Classical School of management thought who made great contribution and laid a foundation for contemporary management. Contemporary Management The world of managing people and processes continues to change dramatically.Managers are faced with the conflicting challenges of understanding and motivating an increasingly diverse workforce, being open and accountable to a wide variety of stakeholders, planning for the future in an increasingly changing environment and considering the ethical implications of decision-making. Contemporary Management  offers a fresh and integrative view of the manager in the workplace in line with this changing environment. It views the manager as a person, working with people and within an organization, and holding values and ethics.As such, modern issues such as diversity, cultural change and global management are given careful attention. Management is an integrated and sometimes intricate balance of dealing with people within an organizational context. The year that the modern management theory was born was 1911. This year was the year that Frederick Winslow Taylor published his book  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Principles of Scientific Management†,  where he describes the theory of scientific management which is the use of the scientific method to define the â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done.Taylor is known as the father of scientific management. He was a mechanical engineer with a Quaker Puritan background and was appalled at the inefficiency of workers. Employees used different techniques to do the same job. Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to jobs on the shop floor. Organizations can be viewed as two or more people coordinate and combine in use of their knowledge as well as technique for the purpose of accomplishing common objectives that transform resources into goods and service which are needed by consumers.Organizational behavior refers to the systematic study that primarily access influence of individuals, groups and structure on interior organizational conducts in order that organizational effectiveness can be improved and perceived. Taylor wanted to create a mental revolution among the workers and management by defining clear guidelines for improving production efficiency. He defined four principles of management which are: 1. Develop a science for each element of an individual's work, which replaces the old rule of thumb method. . Scientifically select and the train, teach, and develop the worker. 3. Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done according to the principles of the science that has been developed. 4. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers. Taylor argued that following these principles would benefit both management and workers. Workers would earn more pay, and management more profits.Using scientific management techniques, Taylor was able to define the one best way for doing each job. Then, he could select the right people for the job and train them to do it precisely in this one best way. TO motivate workers, he favored incentive wage plans. Overall, Taylor ach ieved improvements in productivity of 200 per cent or more. He stated that the role of managers is to plan and control, and that of workers to perform as they were instructed. On the other hand, the classical administrative theory focuses on how management can be organized to achieve productivity.Henri Fayol, a leading figure in management theory, devised several management theories geared towards efficiency, such as creating a unified direction among managers, centralization, and discipline. Other management theories focused on building team confidence, such as establishing teamwork, using initiative, and equity. General administrative theorists are writers who developed general theories of what managers do and what constitutes good management practice. For example, the functional view of the manager's job owes its origin to Henry Fayol. They became a frame of reference against which many current concepts have evolved.Conclusion In this paper I have described both schools of manage ment and their advantages and disadvantages, as well as their features and fields of use. Some of them are not used in modern days, some are still actual for us. Anyway those fields of science are developing dramatically from day to day, so may be in next 10 years the modern school of management would be considered as classical. References: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/classical-school-of-management. html http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/classical-school-of-management. tml â€Å"Realist Perspectives on Management and Organisations† by Stephen Ackroyd, Steve Fleetwood http://www. en. articlesgratuits. com/weaknesses-of-the-classical-management-theories-id1592. php http://blog. sina. com. cn/s/blog_4a9ea3cc0100085l. html http://www. enotes. com/management-encyclopedia/management-thought Organisation and Management of Health Care, April 2002, Version 2. 0 , Main Contributor: Katie Enock, Public Health Specialist, Harrow Primary Care Trust www. hea lthknowledge. org. uk Henri Rayol Industrial and General Administration, J. A. Caubrough, trans. (Geneva nternational Management Institute, 1930)