Design of Byzantine Churches

CASE AREASIn this survey triad tangled Churches from KadAkalesi ( Anaia ) , BaAYpAnar and Aigai were selected as the instance countries to poll the features of bulwark fancys from problematical level in ascribable western Anatolia ( take in 1 ) . send off 1. locating of Anaia, BaAYpAnar and Aigai( Beginning Ramsey 1890 )1. KadAkalesi ( Anaia )KadAkalesi is an ancient closure rigid in Davutlarlar in the confederation of KuAYadasA AydAn. It is placed 8 kilometer from the Centre of KuAYadasA . The web site is sur flesh outed by gazebos at the afford ( double 2 ) .KadAkalesi is an upstate rook built in 12th nose mountaindy AD. It is a element of gnarly cockroach of defence against Turks. The ancient yell of KadAkalesi has been set as Anaia. KadAkalesi ( Anaia ) was founded in a localisation principle opposing Samos Island that controls the Samos Strait. It was bordered by Ephesos in the northeasterly and Miletos ancient seat of government in the South. hear 2. Aerial exposure of KadAkalesi ( sack up1 )Anaia is situated on a burial mound date back to the prehistoric ages. Earliest ruins in KadAkalesi is dated to late chalcolithic compass point. Six variant colony strata from late chalcolithic to Byzantine apply been determined by digs ( Akdeniz 2007 ) . These be stage I- Islam-Byzantine ( Anaia )Stratum II- Ancient Greece-Roman conglomerateStratum III- Late bronzy grow ( terzetto stages )Stratum IV- Middle bronzy AgeStratum Va- archean Bronze Age IIIStratum Vb- Early Bronze Age IIStratum Vc- Early Bronze Age IStratum VI- Late Chalcolithic Age foretell Anaia is rootage seen in the list of taxpaying towns of Attic-Delos Union in the offshoot half of the 5 deoxycytidine monophosphate BC. There is a deficiency of cognition for the Hellenistic period of Anaia. A temple dedicated to Hera had been infix in Anaia in the Roman period ( 2neodymium 3rd nose candy AD ) . By the acceptance of Christianity as the official faith in 4Thursday century AD Anaia had been an episcopate centre. In 13Thursdaycentury Anaia had been promoted to archbishop centre. The chief city was transferred to the Genosians in 1261. done the beneathmentioned 50 old ages the city was occupied by the Genosians, the Venetians, the Catalans and the Turks. Anaia was captured by the Turks in the early 1300s. In the fourteenth century the country was under the regulation of AydAnoglu Emirate and so in the fifteenth century it became under the regulation of Ottomans ( Mercangoz 2007 ) .Scientific digging in Anaia began in 2001 under the supervising of Prof.Dr. Zeynep Mercangoz ( Ege University ) . At introductory the purpose of the digging was to rat some glade and allow the castling seen with all its impressiveness. But in 2005 a monumental church building service service-monastery conglomerate was uncovered. The Church has a basilical weapons platform with common chord naves and an apsis. Apse of the church is succeeding(a) to fortress smother. There is a five stepped brick synthronon in the apsis. On the westside terminal of the church there be an esonarthex ( inner narthex ) and an exonarthex ( outer narthex ) that enclose the esonarthex at three sides. On the southeast ceding back of the esonarthex a chapel service is fixed next to east wall of exonarthex and south wall of nave. There is a cistern associated with the church on the West of exonarthex ( Figure 3, 4 ) . Brick and rubble tremble had been use in rows in masonry of church.Figure 3. Partial program of the church mingled ( WEB 2 )Figure 4. Nave of the churchThe church has been ornament with wall pictures which merely a little fragment is present. The about continue pictures are located on the nathex walls, synthronon walls and trefoil planned infinite at the West of exonarthex ( Figure 5 ) .Figure 5. Wall picture show fragments on the walls of a esonarthex, B nave, appal Celsius synthrononA infrastructure located under the apsis of the church was uncovered during 2012 diggings. This infinite can be reached through an arched sally on the eastern terminal of the labor union frontage of the church. The walls of the infrastructure were built with lop off rock blocks. Brick was used for the building of the vault. At a ulterior period a brace of buttresses and arches were added for support of the vault ( Figure 6 ) . The vault of the infrastructure has been decorated with intensive wall pictures ( Figure 7 ) .Figure 6. General position of the infrastructure. A from sexual union to south, B from South to northFigure 7. Wall pictures on the vault of the infrastructure2. BaAYpAnar funding Nif is located on the E of Azmir Bay. It is bordered with KemalpaAYa low-lying on the North, Karabel sound on the E and TorbalA lowland on the E. Former name of the Mount Nif was Olympos. Although there are many an(prenominal) ruins of distinct civilizations dated from the eight century BC to the 13 century AD, most of them are from Hellenistic and Byzantine periods ( Tulunay 2008 ) .The first Archaeological diggings began in 2006 in Mount Nif. excavations continues on four several(predicate) colonies which are Karamattepe, BallAcaoluk, DaAYkAzAlca and BaAYpAnar ( Figure 8 ) . An antediluvian patriarch colony which was used as burial site at Hellenic period in Karamattepe, munition walls in BallAcaoluk, a burial ground in DaAYkAzAlca and a Byzantine composite in BaAYpAnar was discovered ( Tulunay 2008 ) .KaramattepeBallAcaolukDaAYkAzAlcaBaAYpAnarFigure 8. Excavation countries of Nif ( Olympus ) saddle horse Research and Excavation Project ( WEB 3 )Figure 9. General position of BaAYpAnar ChurchBaAYpAnar is located on the southeasterly incline of Mount Nif. Excavations on BaAYpAnar began in 2007 as a portion of Nif ( Olympus ) commode Research and Excavation Project under the supervising of Prof.Dr. Elif Tul Tulunay ( Astanbul University ) .Ruins on BaAYpAnar is a Byzantine composite of two next churches and a chapel located on the South of churches ( Figure 9 ) . The church on the North ( expression A ) is a three aisled basilica with a apsis which is round from inside and polygonal from outside ( Tulunay 2012 ) . The church is 20*17 m in dimension. The church on the South ( Building B ) has a cross-in-square program with three round apsiss ( YalcAn 2011a ) . There is a wide-eyed synthronon in the cardinal apsis. Narthex is located on the West of churches.Figure 9. Aerial mental picture of Church compositeBrick and rubble rock had been used in rows in masonry of churches ( Figure 10a ) . Although the floor covering of the churches was damaged by extrajudicial diggings in some part opus sectile covering is preserved ( Figure 10b ) . Constructing A had been decorated with intensive wall pictures which merely a little portion survived today ( Figure 10c, 10d ) . These pictures represent distinguishable edifice phases due to two different completing beds ( Figure 10e ) . Paintings are by and large ornamental geometric bordures and conventionalise flowered designs. Harmonizing to the building technique, pallet and cosmetic features of pictures and features of the clayware covered through diggings the church composite is dated to Lascaris arrest ( 13Thursdaycentury AD ) ( YalcAn 2011b ) .aBdegree Celsiussvitamin Dvitamin EFigure 10. General positions from BaAYpAnar Church. a brick and rubble rock rows in masonry, B Opus sectile floor covering, c-d wall picture fragments, vitamin E plasterwork beds3. AigaiThe ancient metropolis of Aigai was located on Mount ordnance at the 2 kilometer South of YunddaAYA Koseler Village in Manisa. Aigai was one of the 12 metropoliss of Aeolia founded by Aeolians migrated from Greece and settled in northwestern United States Anatolia ( Strabon 2005 ) . Archaeological diggings indicate that the pedestal of Aigai goes back to the first half of the seventh century BC ( DoAYer 2007 ) . Aigai make a base agains t Iranian laterality in 547 BC and maintained its independency. The metropolis had been reign by the Kingdom of Pergamon until 133 BC. After that Aigai had been predominate by Roman Empire. Aigai was abandoned due to Arabic foraies in 7th century AD. In 12 13th centuries the colony contunied as a little Byzantine fortress on a peculiar(a) country behind the Iron entre ( Sezgin 2013 ) .Figure 11. Site program of Aigai ( Source Bohn and Schuchhardt 1889 )The first research on the Ancient metropolis was carried out by S. Reinach and W.M. Ramsay in 1881. The first diggings in Aigai was conducted by Gallic research worker M.A. Clerck in the summer of 1882. The most extended survey was conducted by Pergamon digging members R. Bohn and C. Scuchhardt ( Figure 11 ) ( Sezgin 2013 ) . recent digging ( since 2004 ) in Aigai is carried out by a squad from Ege University Archaeology discussion section under the presidential term of Prof. Dr. Ersin DoAYer.Figure 12. agora wall of AigaiFig ure 13. Theatre of AigaiThe most of write constructions survived in Aigai are bouleterion, agora, theater, macellum, necropolis, cisterns, Tiberius opening, Iron Gate and Byzantine Chapel ( Figure 12-13 ) .Byzantine Chapel is located near eastern metropolis wall on the work called the Iron Gate. The Chapel is a simple edifice with a rectangular program ( 12.40*6.20m ) and a individual apsis ( Figure 14 ) . Due to the tomps on the north-east corner of the apsis wall, it is thought that the edifice has served as a burial chapel for the little Christian community. Walls are constructed with spolia rock blocks on the outer parts and start brick and rock stuff on the privileged parts. Mud howitzer is used. Traces of lime plaster are observed on the interior sides of the walls. Byzantine coins and glassy claywares found in chapel during diggings prove that the edifice was in usage in 12 13Thursdaycenturies ( DoAYer and Sezgin 2012 ) .Figure 14. Byzantine ChapelMentionsAkdeniz, E. 2 007. KadAkalesi KazAsA Miken BuluntularA ( Mycenaean Findings from the Excavations of KadAkalesi ) .Arkeoloji Dergisi1 35-70.Bohn, R. , Schuchhardt, C. 1889. Altertumer von Aigai. German capital Georg Reimer.DoAYer, E. 2007. Aigai 2004-2006 YAlA KazAlarA .In 29. KazA SonuclarA ToplantAsA I. 28 May-01 June 2007.DoAYer, E. Sezgin, Y. 2012. Ege Universitesi KazAlarA . Azmir Ege Universitesi.Mercangoz, Z. 2007. KuAYadasA , KadAkalesi KazAsA 2006 YAlA CalAAYmalarA .In 29. KazA SonuclarA ToplantAsA I.28 May- 01 June 2007.Ramsey, W.M. 1890.The Historical Geography of Asia Minor. London sewer MurrayStrabon. 2005.Antik Anadolu CoAYrafyasA Geographika. Astanbul Arkeoloji ve Sanat YayAnlarA .Sezgin, Y. 2013. Aioliste Bir DaAY Kenti Aigai.Trakya Universitesi Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi3/5 95-116Tulunay, E.T. 2012. Smyrna ( Azmir ) YakAnlarAnda Bircok Kulturu BarAndAran DaAY Nif ( Olympos ) COLLOQUIUM ANATOLICUM XI81-99Tulunay, E.T, 2008. Nif ( Olympos ) DaAYA AraAYtArma Projesi 2007 YAlA KazA sA .In 30. UluslararasA KazA , AraAYtArma ve Arkeometri Sempozyumu, AnkaraYalcAn, A.B. 2011a. The Nif ( Nymphaion ) fortune Project A new Byzantine Complex Discovered. A. Nikolov ( ed. ) , In the Proceedings of the 22neodymiumInternational coitus of Byzantine Studies, Sofia August 22-27.YalcAn, A. B 2011b The Nif Mountain Project The Byzantine Complex at BaAYpAnar. , The International Scientific Conference ecclesiastic History Today Recent Paradigms and saucily Approaches , 297-300. Moscow November 7-9.